{"id":103,"date":"2026-05-23T07:09:54","date_gmt":"2026-05-23T07:09:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/summitrelocationtimess.com\/?p=103"},"modified":"2026-05-23T07:09:54","modified_gmt":"2026-05-23T07:09:54","slug":"the-poetics-of-malcolm-x","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/summitrelocationtimess.com\/?p=103","title":{"rendered":"The Poetics of Malcolm X"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u201c<\/span>I\u2019m a\u00a0real bug for poetry,\u201d 24<\/span>-year-old Malcolm X\u00a0wrote in a\u00a0February 1949<\/span> letter to his brother, Philbert X. Writing alone in his cell at the Norfolk Prison Colony, Malcolm continued: \u200b\u201c<\/span>When you think back over all of our past lives, only poetry could best fit into the vast emptiness created by\u00a0men.\u201d<\/p>

Read more The Death Squads Hunting Environmental Defenders<\/a><\/p>\n

This year marks 101<\/span>\u00a0years since Malcolm X\u00a0was born, and his sharp words on the reality of the American nightmare remain true\u00a0today.<\/p>\n

Malcolm\u2019s poetics\u2009\u2014\u2009his love of language and for his people, his gentleness and ability to speak to the truth of things for oppressed peoples across the continents\u2009\u2014\u2009is what shaped and awakened his radical politics. It\u2019s what led Malcolm to write poetry in prison, to embody a\u00a0magnetic rhetorical style as a\u00a0street corner orator in Harlem, to cut straight to the nature of the human condition as a\u00a0minister for the Nation of Islam, to pull masses of people into a\u00a0movement. His legacy, the spirit of which is visible in Black and brown poets across the world, shows the power of language to shape who people are and to help them imagine another world on her way, quietly\u00a0breathing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Malcolm sometimes joked in his letters to Philbert that poems filled the pages when he had nothing to say and much to hear. In doing research for the book Malcolm Before X<\/em>, Patrick Parr encountered the poem Malcolm wrote at Norfolk, \u200b\u201c<\/span>Music.\u201d It\u00a0reads:<\/p>\n

Music is not created \/ It is always here \/ surrounding us \/ like the infinite particles that constitute life, it cannot be seen but can only be felt [\u2026] \/ Music with out the Musician is like life with out Allah \/ both in desperate need of a\u00a0home \/ a\u00a0body.<\/blockquote>\n

Perhaps it\u2019s no surprise that a\u00a0sense of mysticism pervades this previously unknown poem, a\u00a0possible influence of his prison reading. While much is said about how Malcolm\u2019s love for language flourished at Norfolk by reading the dictionary, he also read ancient Persian poets, seeking to learn more about Islam. His curiosities included Saadi Shirazi\u2019s The Gulistan<\/em>, Hafiz\u2019s The Ruba\u2019iyat of Hafiz<\/em> and Omar Khayyam\u2019s The Ruba\u2019iyat <\/em>of Omar Khayyam<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/span>Prison, thanks to Islam, has ceased to be a\u00a0prison,\u201d Malcolm wrote in a\u00a0letter to Philbert on March 26<\/span>, 1950<\/span>. \u200b\u201c<\/span>For I\u00a0have learned to love the preciousness of Pure\u00a0Solitude.\u201d<\/p>\n

At the archives of the Schomburg Center in Harlem, which houses a\u00a0treasure trove of Malcolm\u2019s personal notes and diaries, I\u00a0found evidence of his notes before his speeches to students at universities and to his community as a\u00a0minister for the Nation of Islam. Malcolm, as an orator, spoke from his gut; for many of his public talks, there were few planned words\u2009\u2014\u2009just his thoughts, abilities and personality laid bare, speaking in a\u00a0language that resonated with thousands. As Amiri Baraka, poet and founder of the Black Arts Movement, said, Malcolm had the ability to give voice to the unspoken: \u200b\u201c<\/span>He\u2019d say things and instantly it\u2019d make sense or confirm something I\u2019d not even thought but felt.\u201d Haki Madhubuti, another architect of the Black Arts Movement,explained that when Malcolm spoke, it was as if someone was \u200b\u201c<\/span>cutting into your heart and then stitching it back\u00a0up.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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But Malcolm\u2019s invocations and speeches are also exemplary of poetic sensibility and lyricism, what scholar Joshua Bennett calls a \u200b\u201c<\/span>dance between page and speech, sentence and\u00a0song.\u201d<\/p>\n

In his 1963<\/span> \u200b\u201c<\/span>Message to the Grassroots\u201d speech, with the parable of the \u200b\u201c<\/span>house Negro and the field Negro,<\/em>\u201d Malcolm used figures from chattel slavery to help explain how aligning with white supremacy could colonize a\u00a0mind:<\/p>\n

That house Negro loved his master. But that field Negro\u2009\u2014\u2009remember, they were in the majority, and they hated the master. When the house caught on fire, he didn\u2019t try and put it out; that field Negro prayed for a\u00a0wind, for a\u00a0breeze. When the master got sick, the field Negro prayed that he\u2019d die. If someone come to the field Negro and said, \u200b\u201c<\/span>Let\u2019s separate, let\u2019s run,\u201d he didn\u2019t say \u200b\u201c<\/span>Where we going?\u201d He\u2019d say, \u200b\u201c<\/span>Any place is better than\u00a0here.\u201d<\/p>\n

Malcolm beckoned his audience to align with the figure of the \u200b\u201c<\/span>field Negro,\u201d representing the masses who fight against oppression at the grassroots\u00a0level.<\/p>\n

In Malcolm\u2019s 1964<\/span> speech \u200b\u201c<\/span>The Ballot or The Bullet,\u201d given at the Cory United Methodist Church in Cleveland, alliteration abounds in his articulation of Black nationalism. Using repetition with natural pauses for the audience to call and respond, Malcolm invoked: \u200b\u201c<\/span>Whether you are a\u00a0Christian or a\u00a0Muslim or a\u00a0nationalist, we all have the same problem. They don\u2019t hang you because you are a\u00a0Baptist, they hang you because you\u2019re Black. They don\u2019t attack me because I\u2019m a\u00a0Muslim, they attack me because I\u2019m Black \u2026 All of us catch hell from the same enemy. We\u2019re all in the same bag \u2026 We suffer political oppression, economic exploitation and social\u00a0degradation.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Malcolm X, en route to Cairo to meet with the leaders of various African states and attend a meeting of the Organization of African Unity, holds an 8 mm camera at the London airport on July 9, 1964. Express Newspapers\/Getty Images<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Journalist Mark Whitaker traces the influence of Malcolm on the cultural landscape of America in his book, The Afterlife of Malcolm X<\/em>. He references cultural critic and playwright Larry Neal to emphasize Malcolm\u2019s style and vernacular as rooted in Black folk memory\u2009\u2014\u2009and the memory of Malcolm\u2019s Garveyite father, Earl Little, who was also a\u00a0preacher. Neal described the visceral impact that listening to Malcolm had on him, the musicality of Malcolm\u2019s voice: \u200b\u201c<\/span>We began to hear Malcolm, the Black voice skating and bebopping like a\u00a0righteous saxophone. We could dig Malcolm because the essential vectors of his style were more closely related to our urban\u00a0experiences.\u201d<\/p>\n

In no small part because of this style, membership in the Nation of Islam grew exponentially under the influence of Malcolm X. During his time as a\u00a0minister, Malcolm was known to have carried Rudyard Kipling\u2019s galvanizing poem \u200b\u201c<\/span>If\u201d in his pocket, <\/em>gifted to him by his sister, Ella Collins. Following Malcolm\u2019s rupture with the Nation of Islam in 1964<\/span>, Ella provided the funds for him to undertake the Hajj, the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. After undergoing a\u00a0personal and spiritual transformation, he adopted the Arabic name El Hajj Malik\u00a0El-Shabazz.<\/p>

Read more The War on Protest Is Here<\/a><\/p>\n

During his post-Hajj travels across what Malcolm called the \u200b\u201c<\/span>dark world\u201d of the Middle East and West Africa, he saw Black nationalism as making his people in the United States \u200b\u201c<\/span>conscious\u201d\u2009\u2014\u2009an awakening he called \u200b\u201c<\/span>doing for self\u201d that would link Black people to Africa, while Islam would spiritually link to Africa, Arabia and Asia. When Malcolm met Kwame Nkrumah, the Ghanaian leader and revolutionary, both saw Pan-Africanism as a\u00a0key solution to the problems faced by African people, stressing unity between Africans on the continent and the African diaspora in the United\u00a0States.<\/p>\n

As part of his travels, Malcolm undertook a\u00a0two-day sojourn to Gaza, crossing the Egyptian border at Rafah in early September 1964<\/span>. There, he met Palestinian poet Harun Hashim Rashid in the refugee camp of Khan Younis. Rashid\u2019s memories of escape from Khan Younis in 1956<\/span>, where Israeli military forces killed about 275<\/span> unarmed civilians, left a\u00a0lasting impression on Malcolm. At the time, Rashid shared a\u00a0poem titled \u200b\u201c<\/span>Hatt\u0101 ya\u2018\u016bd sha\u2018b\u016bn\u0101\u201d (\u201cUntil Our People Return\u201d), echoing the Palestinian longing for return. Malcolm wrote down this poem in his\u00a0travelogue:<\/p>\n

We must returnNo boundaries should existNo obstacles can stop usCry out the refugees: \u200b\u201c<\/span>We shall return\u201dTell the mtns: \u200b\u201c<\/span>We shall return\u201dTell the valley: \u200b\u201c<\/span>We shall return\u201dWe are going back to our youthPalestine calls us to arm ourselvesAnd we are armed + are going to fightWe must\u00a0return.<\/blockquote>\n

Malcolm\u2019s visit to Gaza and his encounters with Rashid would inform his critique of Zionism as a\u00a0new form of colonialism. This stance was years ahead of other leading Black intellectuals, including W.E.B. Du Bois, who first saw Zionism as a\u00a0model for self-determination before, years later, viewing Israel as a\u00a0neocolonial state. As part of Malcolm\u2019s anti-oppression and anti-exploitation ethos, his travel diaries connect colonialism in South Africa, imperialism in Congo, and Zionism in Palestine as conceptually tied to racism in the United\u00a0States.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Within two weeks of his visit to Gaza, Malcolm penned \u200b\u201c<\/span>Zionist Logic\u201d in the Egyptian Gazette<\/em>, a\u00a0Cairo-based newspaper. In the essay, Malcolm argued that Zionists lacked legal and moral rights to invade Palestine and uproot people from their homes based solely on a\u00a0religious claim. \u200b\u201c<\/span>Only a\u00a0thousand years ago the Moors lived in Spain,\u201d Malcolm wrote. \u200b\u201c<\/span>Would this give the Moors of today the legal and moral right to invade the Iberian Peninsula, drive out its Spanish citizens, and then set up a\u00a0new Moroccan nation \u2026where Spain used to be, as the European Zionists have done to our Arab brothers and sisters in\u00a0Palestine?\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n

This subversive position was a\u00a0precursor to the Black radical tradition and its solidarity with Palestinian revolutionaries, a\u00a0practice echoed by poet June Jordan. Her poem \u200b\u201c<\/span>Moving towards Home\u201d was published after the 1982<\/span> Sabra and Shatila massacres in Beirut, where Israeli-backed militias killed between 2<\/span>,000<\/span> and 3<\/span>,500<\/span> Palestinian refugees and Lebanese civilians in two days. Jordan\u00a0proclaimed:\u00a0<\/p>\n

I was born a\u00a0Black womanand nowI am become a\u00a0Palestinianagainst the relentless laughter of\u00a0evil<\/blockquote>\n

June Jordan was a\u00a0pivotal figure in the Black Arts Movement\u2009\u2014\u2009a spiritual and aesthetic sister to the Black Power Movement birthed out of the grief and rage of Malcolm\u2019s assassination in 1965<\/span>. In a\u00a0defining essay in The Drama Review, <\/em>poet Larry Neal conceptualizes Black art as having a\u00a0social purpose not just to entertain, but to unite and mobilize for Black self-determination and nationhood. \u200b\u201c<\/span>Poetry is a\u00a0concrete function, an action,\u201d Neal wrote in the essay \u200b\u201c<\/span>The Black Arts Movement.\u201d \u200b\u201c<\/span>No more abstractions. Poems are physical entities: fists, daggers, airplane poems, and poems that shoot\u00a0guns.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Malcolm X looks on from the Queens courthouse in New York in June 1964. The grief and rage of his assassination in 1965 inspired the birth of the Black Arts Movement. Circa Images\/GHI\/Universal History Archive\/Universal Images Group via Getty Images<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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It is hard not to think of Refaat Alareer, the Palestinian poet and writer killed in December 2023<\/span> by the Israeli military. Alareer thought of storytelling as resistance; in the life of Malcolm X, he saw a\u00a0parallel to his own, and he taught his students Malcolm\u2019s words. Weeks before Alareer\u2019s death, in an interview with The Electronic Intifada<\/em>\u2014against the audible backdrop of bombs\u2009\u2014\u2009Alareer articulated that, as an academic, the toughest thing he had at home was a\u00a0dry erase marker. \u200b\u201c<\/span>But if the Israelis invade \u2026 I\u2019m going to use that marker to throw it at the Israeli soldiers, even if that is the last thing that I\u00a0would be able to\u00a0do.\u201d<\/p>\n

Alareer\u2019s poem \u200b\u201c<\/span>If I\u00a0Must Die,\u201d a\u00a0symbol of resistance against Palestinian erasure, has become one of the most read and translated poems of the 21<\/span>st<\/sup> century. The poem concludes: \u200b\u201c<\/span>If I\u00a0must die \/ let it bring hope \/ let it be a\u00a0tale.\u201d Literary scholars term this type of resolution \u200b\u201c<\/span>late style,\u201d a\u00a0reference to the survival beyond death, as Alareer\u2019s poem transforms personal mortality into collective\u00a0immortality.<\/p>\n

In response to Malcolm\u2019s assassination, the first and only poetry anthology dedicated to his life, For Malcolm:<\/em> Poems on the Life and Death of Malcolm X<\/em>, features a\u00a0eulogy from Sonia\u00a0Sanchez:<\/p>\n

do not speak to me of martyrdom,of men who die to be rememberedon some parish day.I don\u2019t believe in dyingThough, I\u00a0too shall dieand violets like castanetswill echo\u00a0me.<\/blockquote>\n

An embrace of Malcolm\u2019s life, Sanchez\u2019s percussive work is a\u00a0drumbeat that continues his legacy, a\u00a0collective immortality embodied in the work of poets and activists\u00a0alike.<\/p>\n

As Malcolm lay in his final moments in New York\u2019s Audubon Ballroom, shot over a\u00a0dozen times, Malcolm\u2019s friend Yuri Kochiyama ran to his body and held his head in her lap. In a\u00a0Democracy Now!<\/em> interview, Kuchiyama recalled, \u200b\u201c<\/span>I said, \u200b\u2018<\/span>Please, Malcolm! Please, Malcolm! Stay\u00a0alive.\u2019\u00a0\u201d<\/p>\n

As Kochiyama wrote in December 1965<\/span>, in the dedication of the inaugural issue of the North Star <\/em>newspaper: \u200b\u201c<\/span>No bullets could destroy what he was and what he meant.\u201d Malcolm\u00a0lives.<\/p>

Read more Eviction By ICE?<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On the poetry that influenced the Civil Rights trailblazer and the art he inspired.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":100,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-103","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Poetics of Malcolm X - Summit Relocation Timess<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/summitrelocationtimess.com\/?p=103\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Poetics of Malcolm X - Summit Relocation Timess\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On the poetry that influenced the Civil Rights trailblazer and the art he inspired.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/summitrelocationtimess.com\/?p=103\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Summit Relocation Timess\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-05-23T07:09:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/summitrelocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/3aabe6163275663fe16ef01929bd047f.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/summitrelocationtimess.com\\\/?p=103#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/summitrelocationtimess.com\\\/?p=103\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/summitrelocationtimess.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/78261b7043eb436872da19e7c8eda597\"},\"headline\":\"The Poetics of Malcolm X\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-05-23T07:09:54+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/summitrelocationtimess.com\\\/?p=103\"},\"wordCount\":2123,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/summitrelocationtimess.com\\\/?p=103#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/summitrelocationtimess.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/3aabe6163275663fe16ef01929bd047f.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"News\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/summitrelocationtimess.com\\\/?p=103#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/summitrelocationtimess.com\\\/?p=103\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/summitrelocationtimess.com\\\/?p=103\",\"name\":\"The Poetics of Malcolm X - 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